Secret Agent 007

Seven secret agents are on payroll of a government.

Secret agent 001 spies on a secret agent who spies on secret agent 002,

who spies on a secret agent who spies on secret agent 003,

who spies on . . . spies on secret agent 007

who spies on a secret agent who spies on secret agent 001.  

Who spies on secret agent 007?

Answer

 

Famous Math and Logic Paradoxes

Math and Logic are full of paradoxes.

1. Achilles and the Tortoise The Paradox of Achilles and the Tortoise was described by the Greek philosopher Zeno of Elea in the 5th century BC. The great hero Achilles challenges a tortoise to a footrace. He agrees to give the tortoise a head start of 100m. When the race begins, Achilles starts running, so that by the time he has reached the 100m mark, the tortoise has only walked 10m. But by the time Achilles has reached the 110m mark, the tortoise has walked another 1m. By the time he has reached the 111m mark, the tortoise has walked another 0.1m, then 0.01m, then 0.001m, and so on. The tortoise always moves forwards while Achilles always plays catch up.  Why is Achilles always behind the tortoise?

2. Bermuda Triangle Paradox. Why the sum of the interior angles of the Bermuda triangle is not 180 degrees?

3. Simpson Paradox. The average score for dance of boys and girls in class A are 16 and 21, respectively.  The average score of boys and girls in class B are 15 and 20, respectively.  Twenty percent of class A students are girls. Forty percent of class B students are girls.  Which class has a higher average score?

4.  Braess paradox. The diagram shows a road network. All cars drive in one direction from A to F. The numbers represent the maximum flow rate in vehicles per hour. Engineers want to construct a new road with a flow rate of 100 vehicles per hour. Drivers randomly choose the road at  crossroads. What new road decreases the capacity of the network (the number of vehicles at point F)?

5. Barber Paradox  In a city, the barber is the ‘one who shaves all those, and those only, who do not shave themselves.’
Who shaves the barber?

6. The Two Envelope Paradox. One envelope has twice as much money as the second one. Gerry does not know which envelope contains the larger  amount. He takes one of the envelopes, counts the money, and is offered the chance to switch the envelope. He thinks “If the amount of money in the chosen envelope is X dollars, then the other envelope contains either 2X of 0.5X dollars, with equal probability of 0.5. The expected value of switching is  0.5 (2X) + 0.5 (0.5X) = 1.25X. This is greater than the value in the initially chosen envelope.  It is better to switch.”  What is your advice?

7. Potato Paradox. I have 100kg of potatoes, which are 99 percent water. I dry them until they are 98 percent water.  How much do they weigh now?

8.  Leonard Euler’s Paradox.   Why the average of all  of the numbers is not a zero?

1, -1, 2, -2, 3, -3, . . .

9. Friendship Paradox.  Your friends have more friends than you. Why?

10. Uninteresting Number Paradox. How many uninteresting numbers exist?

11. Gabriel’ Horn Paradox. The shape obtained from rotating the equation about x-axis resembles a trumpet. If we need an infinite volume of paint to paint the infinite horn, how much paint does the horn can contain inside itself?

12. Pop Quiz Paradox. A teacher announces that there will be a quiz one day during the next week. The teacher gives the definition that they would not when they come in to the class that the quiz was going to be given that day. The brightest student says that the quiz cannot be on Friday because they will know the day. With the same technique, she eliminates Thursday, Wednesday, Tuesday, and Monday. “You cannot give us a pop quiz next week” she says. When does the teacher give the pop quiz?  I know the paradox from Charles Carter Wald. Probably, Martin Gardner described it for the first time in The Colossal Book of Mathematics.

 

Famous Math and Logic Paradoxes from Igor Kokcharov, Ph.D, PMP

Answers

1. Achilles and the Tortoise

2. Bermuda Triangle Paradox

3. Simpson Paradox

4.  Braess paradox

5. Barber Paradox

6. The Two Envelope Paradox

7. Potato Paradox

8.  Leonard Euler’s Paradox

9. Friendship Paradox

10. Uninteresting Number Paradox

11. Gabriel’s Horn Paradox

12. Pop Quiz Paradox

 

Project Starters

Challenging puzzlers to create a positive attitude to real projects.

Project Starters – Curious Questions about Project Management Practice from Igor Kokcharov, Ph.D, PMP

Betting Math

Leslie Green’s Casino Problem

A bunch of Physicists, fresh from College, go to their local casino with plans to profit with their advanced gaming strategies for Roulette. They have chosen a Roulette game where there are 36 numbers from 1 to 36, alternately colored black and red. There is only one green slot, which is usual in Europe but unusual in the USA. When the ball lands in the green slot, 0, all bets are lost to the House.

All participants place 223 bets. Each bet pays out at 1/1 odds, meaning you get your bet back plus an equal amount of winnings.

John bets only on RED, and only immediately after a run of 3 reds.

Sally bets only on EVEN, but only after the sequence ODD, ODD, EVEN, ODD.

Peter looks for a run of 8 events, either all ODD, all EVEN, all RED or all BLACK. He then bets against this run continuing.

At the end of the 223 bets, who is the most likely to have won?

Leslie Green’s Sports Betting Problem

The all-male under-10 football team, the Hunky Heroes, are playing the all-girl under-12 football team, the Girly Girls. I am facilitating the betting, although this may not be strictly legal in all jurisdictions.

Buddy and his friends have put a total of $200 on the favorites, the Hunky Heroes, to win. If they win I have to pay out a total of $3 for every $2 placed.

Samantha and her friends have put a total of $50 on the Girly Girls to win. If they win I will pay out a total of $6 for each dollar placed. (Some people would call this 5/1 odds, where you win $5 for each dollar placed AND you get your $1 bet back).

Some of the parents have individually placed a total of $100 on a draw. In this case I pay out a total of $3 for each dollar placed.

Who has the greatest chance of winning?

Casino Statistics

In a casino on a Sunday,  90% of the visitors lost $200 each, # 9% of the visitors lost $1,000 each, and # the rest won $10,000 each. # If the profit of the casino is $340,000, how many people visited the casino?

The answer

Bankrupt Business

Jane and Gerry visit a casino. In one game, they have a 1/5 probability of winning $100 and 1/2 probability of losing $50. They have also a chance of no win / no loss. What is the most likely amount of money they will win (or lose) at the end of 100 games?

The answer

Gambling is bad for your health and budget!

The Importance of Recreational Math

“The body of recreational mathematics that Mr. Gardner tended to and augmented is a valuable resource for mankind.” – Manil Suri ( http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/12/opinion/the-importance-of-recreational-math.html )

Aplusclick project tries to destroy the border between the Common Core and the Recreational Math.

The man who counted

The man who counted

“In 1932 Malba Tahan published what would became one of the most successful books ever written in Brazil – O Homem que Calculava – The Man Who Counted.”

Beautiful Math Problems

What are characteristics of the most beautiful math problems?

They are practical, they give an impression that the problem cannot be solved, and finish by an unexpected (surprise) solution.

It is not about the beautiful math equations or mathematical beauty. It is mostly about recreational math, brain teasers, and thinking outside the box.

Find a short list of my favourite beautiful problems:

1. Morozkin’s problem:

Vladimir Arnold (1937-2010), one of the greatest 20th century Russian mathematicians told the following story:

“Our schoolteacher I. V. Morozkin gave us the following problem: Two old women started at sunrise and each walked at a constant (different) velocity. One went from A to B and the other from B to A. They met at noon and, continuing with no stop, arrived respectively at B at 4 p.m. and at A at 9 p.m.  At what time was the sunrise on this day?”

Solution

2. Martin Gardner’s favorite problem

“Three sailors come across a pile of coconuts. The first sailor takes half of them plus half a coconut. The second sailor takes half of what is left, plus half a coconut. The third sailor also takes half of what remains, plus half a coconut. Left over is exactly one coconut, which they toss to a monkey. How many coconuts were in the original pile?”

Solution

3. Lucas problem

François Édouard Anatole Lucas (1842 – 1891) was a French mathematician.

Every day at noon, a ship leave Le Havre for New York and another ship leaves New York for Le Havre. The trip lasts 7 days and 7 nights. How many ships will a ship leaving Le Havre today meet at sea?

Solution

4. Euler bridge problem

In a city Konigsberg, there were seven bridges. There was a tradition to walk and cross over each of the seven bridges only once. If a person starts and finishes at the same point, can he accomplish this task?

Solution

5. Secretary problem

An entrepreneur wants to hire the best person for a position. He makes a decision immediately after the interview. Once rejected, an applicant cannot be recalled. He interviews N randomly chosen people out of 100 applicants, rejects them and records the best score S. After that, he continues to interview others and stops when the person has a score better than S. What number N do you recommend to the cruel man?

Solution

6. Monty Hall

A venture capitalist will invest in only one of three start-up companies: A, B, or C. I will make a lot of money if I invest in the same company, and will lose all of my money if I choose another company. I decide to invest in company A and I inform the venture capitalist. He assures me that he does not invest in company C. What company do you recommend for me to make the investment?

Solution

7. The Legend of Carthage

The Legend of Carthage: Queen Dido and her followers arrived in North Africa. The locals told them that they could have the coastal area that an ox hide would cover. She cut the hide into a series of thin strips, jointed them together, and formed a coastal shape. The ox-hide enclosed area was known as Carthage. If you had a 10 km long strip, which shape (rectangle, triangle, semi-circle, or semi-ellipse) would you choose to maximize the enclosed area?

Solution

8. Lewis Carroll’s Coaches

A coach leaves London for York and another at the same moment leaves York for London. They go at uniform rates, one faster than the other. After meeting and passing, one requires sixteen hours and the other nine hours to complete the journey. What total time does each coach require for the whole journey?

Solution

You are welcome to expand the list by submitting your input at the website www.aplusclick.org

 

Funny Questions and Unexpected Answers at Tech Job Interview

Brain Teaser Interview Questions And Answers on Amazon

Brain Teaser Interview Questions And Answers on iTunes

A+Click SMS Part 4

SMS stands for Short Math Situation. The SMS questions are limited to 64 characters.

91. How many 5-digit passwords are the same backwards as forwards? Answer

92. Which digit do I use less if I number 999 pages? Answer

93. How many digits are there in the result of 1001 power 11? Answer

94. How many are there symmetrical capital letters of the alphabet? Answer

95. Four cowboys fired once. What is probability that all are dead? Answer

96. What is the largest sum of two integers which product is 787? Answer

97. The time left today is half of the time passed. What’s time now? Answer

98. How many trials are needed to identify 3 keys for 3 keyholes? Answer

99. How many 2-digit integers have the sum of the digits equals 10? Answer

100. How much paper is needed to entirely cover a 40x30x12 box? Answer

101. How many apples were sold if 33, or 11% of the total, are left. Answer

102. What area does a line cover? It is 0.25 mm thick and 8 km long. Answer

103. 3 apples weigh in pairs 200, 204, and 208. Find their weights. Answer

104. What is the angle between the hour and minute hands at 14:20? Answer

105. How many small pieces of cheese you can get using only 5 cuts? Answer

106. How many Ancient Olympic Games were held from 776 BC to 393 AD? Answer

107. How much ribbon do you need to wrap around a 12x30x40 box? Answer

108. How many 7-digit phone numbers are there? Answer

109. Estimate the height of a lighthouse from which I can see 11km. Answer

110. Which days of the week occurred more frequently in 2012? Answer

111. 33 years, 33 months, 33 weeks, 33 days, 33 hours. How old am I? Answer

112. What is the smallest 5 digit integer with 5 different digits? Answer

The full collection of 100 SMS can be found at A+Click SMS.

A+Click SMS Part 2

SMS stands for Short Math Situation. The SMS questions are limited to 64 characters.

31. How many diagonals does a regular octagon have? Answer

32. How many times heavier than a rabbit is an elephant? Answer

33. If you live 100 years, how many times will your heart beat? Answer

34. How many handshakes take place at a 100 men meeting? Answer

35. How many 4-digit pass codes are there? All digits are different. Answer

36. What part of the American flag is red? Answer

37. 99% of N nuts and 99% of a nut cost as much as all nuts. Find N. Answer

38. Find the smallest number divisible by all numbers from 1 to 20. Answer

39. Work out the sum of all the integers below 100. Answer

40. I buy 5 eggs for $1 and sells 1egg for $5. What’s my profit? Answer

41. How to split $4, $5, and $6 in a ratio of 1:2:3? Answer

42. What is the probability that two kittens are boys? Answer

43. What is the probability that one of 3 idiots survives in a duel? Answer

44. At least 2 Londoners have the same number of hairs. Is it true? Answer

45. Is it possible to plant 10 trees in 5 rows of 4 trees? Answer

46. How many triangles can I make with six line segments on a plane? Answer

47. Divide $1234 into the ratio 1:2:3:4. Answer

48. How much costs an item after three successive discounts of 20%? Answer

49. One of 240 coins is odd. How do you use a scale to find it? Answer

50. Tom’s income and spending are 7/8 that of Tim. Who saves more? Answer

51. How many 11-digit numbers can you make using 0, 1? Answer

52. Find the smallest integer that is 4 times the sum of its digits. Answer

53. How many 0s are at the end of the product of 2-digit integers? Answer

54. Guesstimate the number of your ancestors in 200 years. Answer

55. How many tennis balls can fit in a school bus? Answer

56. O T T F F S S What is the next letter in this series? Answer

57. Find the angle between two diagonals of a cube. Answer

58. For which capital letter would you use more paint? Answer

59. How many $1 bills are numbered from AB01234567 to AB11111111? Answer

60. What occurs once in a minute, twice in a week, once in a year? Answer

A+Click SMS Part 1 (questions 1 – 30)

A+Click SMS Part 3 (questions 61 – 90)